《科學》（20250328出版）一周論文導(dǎo)讀
Science, 28 MAR 2025, VOL 387, ISSUE 6741
《科學》2025年3月28日，第387卷，6741期
地球科學Earth Science
Abrupt sea level rise and Earth’s gradual pole shift reveal permanent hydrological regime changes in the 21st century
突發(fā)海平面上升與地球逐漸極移揭示21世紀永久性水文情勢變化
▲ 作者：Ki-Weon Seo, Dongryeol Ryu et al.
▲鏈接：
https://www.science.org/doi/10.1126/science.adq6529
▲摘要：
大氣和海洋溫度持續(xù)上升已導(dǎo)致陸地水循環(huán)及地表水通量（如降水與蒸散發(fā)）發(fā)生顯著變化，可能引發(fā)陸地水儲量的突變。
歐洲中期天氣預(yù)報中心（ECMWF）第五代再分析數(shù)據(jù)（ERA5）的土壤濕度產(chǎn)品顯示，21世紀初全球土壤水分出現(xiàn)急劇流失——2000至2002年間流失量約達1614千兆噸，遠超格陵蘭冰蓋同期（2002—2006年）約900千兆噸的消融量。
2003至2016年間土壤水分繼續(xù)流失，又損失1009千兆噸。全球平均海平面上升（約4.4毫米）與地球極移（約45厘米）兩項獨立觀測數(shù)據(jù)印證了這一流失趨勢。降水減少與持續(xù)穩(wěn)定的蒸散發(fā)可能是主因，且截至2021年土壤濕度仍未恢復(fù)，在當前氣候條件下未來復(fù)蘇可能性極低。
▲ Abstract：
Rising atmospheric and ocean temperatures have caused substantial changes in terrestrial water circulation and land surface water fluxes, such as precipitation and evapotranspiration, potentially leading to abrupt shifts in terrestrial water storage. The European Centre for Medium-Range Weather Forecasts (ECMWF) Reanalysis v5 (ERA5) soil moisture (SM) product reveals a sharp depletion during the early 21st century. During the period 2000 to 2002, soil moisture declined by approximately 1614 gigatonnes, much larger than Greenland’s ice loss of about 900 gigatonnes (2002–2006). From 2003 to 2016, SM depletion continued, with an additional 1009-gigatonne loss. This depletion is supported by two independent observations of global mean sea level rise (~4.4 millimeters) and Earth’s pole shift (~45 centimeters). Precipitation deficits and stable evapotranspiration likely caused this decline, and SM has not recovered as of 2021, with future recovery unlikely under present climate conditions.
生物學Biology
Canine genome-wide association study identifies DENND1B as an obesity gene in dogs and humans
犬類全基因組關(guān)聯(lián)研究認為DENND1B基因與犬類和人類的肥胖都相關(guān)
▲ 作者：Natalie J. Wallis, Alyce McClellan et al.
▲鏈接：
https://www.science.org/doi/10.1126/science.ads2145
▲摘要：
肥胖是一種遺傳疾病，但其遺傳基礎(chǔ)尚不明確。犬類種群演化史為性狀定位提供了獨特優(yōu)勢。
我們對241只拉布拉多犬進行全基因組關(guān)聯(lián)分析（以體況評分作為肥胖指標），采用跨物種研究方法首次證實：犬類肥胖相關(guān)基因同樣與人類罕見及常見肥胖類型存在關(guān)聯(lián)。其中最主要的關(guān)聯(lián)信號位于DENND1B基因（含DENN結(jié)構(gòu)域的1B基因），該基因每個變異等位基因拷貝可增加約7%的體脂率。
我們進一步揭示該基因通過調(diào)控黑素皮質(zhì)素4受體（能量穩(wěn)態(tài)的關(guān)鍵調(diào)控因子）的信號傳導(dǎo)與膜轉(zhuǎn)運發(fā)揮作用。這項研究通過犬類遺傳學發(fā)現(xiàn)了對犬類和人類均具有重要意義的肥胖基因及其作用機制。
▲ Abstract：
Obesity is a heritable disease, but its genetic basis is incompletely understood. Canine population history facilitates trait mapping. We performed a canine genome-wide association study for body condition score—a measure of obesity—in 241 Labrador retrievers. Using a cross-species approach, we showed that canine obesity genes are also associated with rare and common forms of obesity in humans. The lead canine association was within the gene DENN domain containing 1B (DENND1B). Each copy of the alternate allele was associated with ~7% greater body fat. We demonstrate a role for this gene in regulating signaling and trafficking of melanocortin 4 receptor, a critical controller of energy homeostasis. Thus, canine genetics identified obesity genes and mechanisms relevant to both dogs and humans.
A geographic history of human genetic ancestry
人類遺傳譜系的地理史
▲ 作者：Michael C. Grundler, Jonathan Terhorst, and Gideon S. Bradburd
▲鏈接：
https://www.science.org/doi/10.1126/science.adp4642
▲摘要：
描述遺傳變異在個體間的分布規(guī)律是群體遺傳學的核心目標。
我們提出了一種新方法，通過解析基因組樹狀序列中蘊含的豐富譜系信息，能夠追溯測序樣本共享祖先的地理位置。應(yīng)用該方法對歐、亞、非三大洲人類基因組進行分析后，我們成功還原了這些大陸上的主要人口遷徙情況。
研究結(jié)果揭示，在闡釋人類遺傳變異時，必須明確遺傳譜系的時空背景，同時警示學界，當前關(guān)于種族與祖先的討論中，對遺傳數(shù)據(jù)的簡化解讀存在重大認知風險。
▲ Abstract：
Describing the distribution of genetic variation across individuals is a fundamental goal of population genetics. We present a method that capitalizes on the rich genealogical information encoded in genomic tree sequences to infer the geographic locations of the shared ancestors of a sample of sequenced individuals. We used this method to infer the geographic history of genetic ancestry of a set of human genomes sampled from Europe, Asia, and Africa, accurately recovering major population movements on those continents. Our findings demonstrate the importance of defining the spatiotemporal context of genetic ancestry when describing human genetic variation and caution against the oversimplified interpretations of genetic data prevalent in contemporary discussions of race and ancestry.
物理學Physics
Selective filtering of photonic quantum entanglement via anti–parity-time symmetry
基于反宇稱—時間對稱的光子量子糾纏選擇性濾波
▲ 作者：Mahmoud A. Selim, Max Ehrhardt et al.
▲鏈接：
https://www.science.org/doi/10.1126/science.adu3777
▲摘要：
量子糾纏作為計算、傳感與通信的核心資源，其相干性極易受環(huán)境干擾而退化。
現(xiàn)有量子光學研究主要通過光子輔助態(tài)與里德堡原子阻塞等濾波技術(shù)來恢復(fù)糾纏態(tài)。本研究創(chuàng)新性地利用非厄米系統(tǒng)特性，通過構(gòu)建反宇稱—時間對稱的雙態(tài)波導(dǎo)結(jié)構(gòu)，實現(xiàn)了任意輸入態(tài)的高效糾纏提取。
該濾波系統(tǒng)在無損波導(dǎo)網(wǎng)絡(luò)中實現(xiàn)，單/雙光子激發(fā)下保真度接近極限值，且可擴展至多光子體系，在傳輸過程中保持優(yōu)異的退相干魯棒性。這一成果為利用非厄米對稱性解決量子技術(shù)中的關(guān)鍵挑戰(zhàn)提供了新范式。
▲ Abstract：
Entanglement is a key resource for quantum computing, sensing, and communication, but it is susceptible to decoherence. To address this, research in quantum optics has explored filtering techniques such as photon ancillas and Rydberg atom blockade to restore entangled states. We introduce an approach to entanglement retrieval that exploits the features of non-Hermitian systems. By designing an anti–parity-time two-state guiding configuration, we demonstrate efficient extraction of entanglement from any input state. This filter is implemented on a lossless waveguide network and achieves near-unity fidelity under single- and two-photon excitation and is scalable to higher photon levels, remaining robust against decoherence during propagation. Our results offer an approach to using non-Hermitian symmetries to address central challenges in quantum technologies.
生物電子學Bioelectronics
Full freedom-of-motion actuators as advanced haptic interfaces
用于先進觸覺交互的全自由度運動致動器
▲ 作者：Kyoung-Ho Ha, Jaeyoung Yoo et al.
▲鏈接：
https://www.science.org/doi/10.1126/science.adt2481
▲摘要：
觸覺作為傳遞環(huán)境信息的關(guān)鍵通道，不僅能實現(xiàn)物體識別、精細操作與社會交互，更可通過刺激皮膚感受器的觸覺致動器進行人工調(diào)控。當前觸覺接口技術(shù)面臨的核心挑戰(zhàn)在于：如何以可編程的時空模式激活人體大范圍區(qū)域內(nèi)的各類機械感受器。
在此，我們提出一種微型致動技術(shù)，可向皮膚表面施加全向疊加的動態(tài)作用力，從而實現(xiàn)對特定機械感受器類別或其組合的精準刺激。如人體感知實驗所示，該技術(shù)在擴展現(xiàn)實應(yīng)用中展現(xiàn)出了卓越的性能。
通過高比特率觸覺信息傳輸，既能實現(xiàn)精準的手部導(dǎo)航與逼真的紋理再現(xiàn)，又能完成音樂感知的感官替代，為虛擬觸覺體驗帶來突破性進展。
▲ Abstract：
The sense of touch conveys critical environmental information, facilitating object recognition, manipulation, and social interaction, and can be engineered through haptic actuators that stimulate cutaneous receptors. An unfulfilled challenge lies in haptic interface technologies that can engage all the various mechanoreceptors in a programmable, spatiotemporal fashion across large areas of the body. Here, we introduce a small-scale actuator technology that can impart omnidirectional, superimposable, dynamic forces to the surface of skin, as the basis for stimulating individual classes of mechanoreceptors or selected combinations of them. High-bit haptic information transfer and realistic virtual tactile sensations are possible, as illustrated through human subject perception studies in extended reality applications that include advanced hand navigation, realistic texture reproduction, and sensory substitution for music perception.
管理學Management
High-frequency location data show that race affects citations and fines for speeding
高頻定位數(shù)據(jù)顯示種族因素影響超速罰單開具及罰款金額
▲ 作者：Pradhi Aggarwal, Alec Brandon et al.
▲鏈接：
https://www.science.org/doi/10.1126/science.adp5357
▲摘要：
此前有關(guān)種族畫像的研究表明，在執(zhí)法過程中，少數(shù)族裔往往比白人受到更嚴厲的處罰。
然而，對于這些執(zhí)法接觸的成因及其對理解種族定性的影響，學界認知仍然有限。基于美國佛羅里達州共222838名網(wǎng)約車司機的高頻定位數(shù)據(jù)（包含1930萬次定位信息），我們分析了司機種族對超速罰單及罰款金額的影響。
研究發(fā)現(xiàn)，在相同車速情況下，少數(shù)族裔司機收到超速罰單的概率比白人司機高出24%至33%，罰款金額也高出23%至34%。事故率和再犯率數(shù)據(jù)均無法解釋這一差異，這表明執(zhí)法過程中可能存在針對少數(shù)族裔的偏見。
▲ Abstract：
Prior research on racial profiling has found that in encounters with law enforcement, minorities are punished more severely than white civilians. Less is known about the causes of these encounters and their implications for our understanding of racial profiling. Using high-frequency location data of rideshare drivers in Florida (N = 222,838 individuals), we estimate the effect of driver race on citations and fines for speeding using 19.3 million location pings. Compared with a white driver traveling the same speed, we find that racial or ethnic minority drivers are 24 to 33% more likely to be cited for speeding and pay 23 to 34% more money in fines. We find no evidence that accident and reoffense rates explain these estimates, which suggests that an animus against minorities underlies our results.
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